Neural network modelling of planform geometry of headland-bay beaches     

G. Iglesias  I. Lpez  A. Castro  R. Carballo 《Geomorphology》2009,103(4):577-587

The shoreline of beaches in the lee of coastal salients or man-made structures, usually known as headland-bay beaches, has a distinctive curvature; wave fronts curve as a result of wave diffraction at the headland and in turn cause the shoreline to bend. The ensuing curved planform is of great interest both as a peculiar landform and in the context of engineering projects in which it is necessary to predict how a coastal structure will affect the sandy shoreline in its lee. A number of empirical models have been put forward, each based on a specific equation. A novel approach, based on the application of artificial neural networks, is presented in this work. Unlike the conventional method, no particular equation of the planform is embedded in the model. Instead, it is the model itself that learns about the problem from a series of examples of headland-bay beaches (the training set) and thereafter applies this self-acquired knowledge to other cases (the test set) for validation. Twenty-three headland-bay beaches from around the world were selected, of which sixteen and seven make up the training and test sets, respectively. As there is no well-developed theory for deciding upon the most convenient neural network architecture to deal with a particular data set, an experimental study was conducted in which ten different architectures with one and two hidden neuron layers and five training algorithms – 50 different options combining network architecture and training algorithm – were compared. Each of these options was implemented, trained and tested in order to find the best-performing approach for modelling the planform of headland-bay beaches. Finally, the selected neural network model was compared with a state-of-the-art planform model and was shown to outperform it.  相似文献   

Morphological signatures of deglaciation and postglacial sedimentary processes in a deep fjord-lake (Grand Lake,Labrador)     

Annie-Pier Trottier  Patrick Lajeunesse  Antoine Gagnon-Poiré  Pierre Francus 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(4):928-947

High-resolution multibeam bathymetric data and acoustic sub-bottom profiles were recently collected in Grand Lake (Labrador), one of the deepest lake basins in eastern North America, to reconstruct: (1) the retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) west of Lake Melville and (2) the history of sedimentation since deglaciation in this 54 km-long, 3 km-wide fjord-lake. Our results provide a morphostratigraphical framework that brings new insights to the style and pattern of retreat of the LIS in the region, as well as deglacial and postglacial sedimentary dynamics. Terrestrial glacial lineations observed on a digital elevation model (DEM) provide evidence of a previously undocumented ice stream in the Grand Lake area. This newly mapped ice stream suggests that the calving bay formed in Lake Melville triggered a reorganization of the regional drainage pattern of the LIS. The sedimentary infill of Grand Lake consists of a sequence of deglacial to postglacial sediments that contain deposits related to a series of mass movements. The 8.2 cal ka BP cold event is recorded in Grand Lake by a series of closely spaced moraines deposited at the outlet of the fjord-lake to form a morainic complex similar to the Cockburn morainic complex on Baffin Island. During deglaciation, a dense dendritic network of proglacial gullies incised into the steep sidewalls of the lake. Since deglaciation, paraglacial and postglacial sedimentation has led to the deposition of large prograding deltas at the fjord head, where density currents remain active today and have formed a series of sediment waves on the frontal slopes and a prodeltaic environment. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Paired 10Be sampling of polished bedrock and erratic boulders to improve dating of glacial landforms: an example from the Western Alps     

Charlotte Prud'homme  Riccardo Vassallo  Christian Crouzet  Julien Carcaillet  Jean-Louis Mugnier  Joaquin Cortés-Aranda 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(5):1168-1180

Cosmogenic nuclide dating of glacial landforms may lead to ambiguous results for ice retreat histories. The persistence of significant cosmogenic concentrations inherited from previous exposure may increase the apparent exposure ages for polished bedrocks affected by limited erosion under ice and for erratic boulders transported by glaciers and previously exposed in high-altitude rock walls. In contrast, transient burying by moraines, sediments and snow decreases the apparent exposure age. We propose a new sampling strategy, applied to four sites distributed in the Arc and Arve valleys in the Western Alps, to better constrain the factors that can bias exposure ages associated with glacial processes. We used the terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide ¹⁰Be (TCN) to estimate the exposure time from paired sampling of depth profiles in polished bedrock and on overlying erratic boulders. For a given sampling site, the exposure ages for both the polished bedrock and boulder are expected to be the same. However, in six cases out of seven, boulders had significantly higher ¹⁰Be surface concentrations than those of the associated polished surfaces. In present and past glacial processes, the ¹⁰Be distribution with depth for boulders and bedrocks implies the presence of an inheritance concentration of ¹⁰Be. Our study suggests that ¹⁰Be concentrations in erratic boulders and in polished bedrocks provide maximum and minimum exposure ages of the glacial retreat, respectively. © 2019 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd  相似文献   

Long-term landscape evolution in Australia     

Stephen J. Gale 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1992,17(4):323-343

The main features of the Australian physical landscape are of the order of 10⁷-10⁸ years old. This contradicts the widely held view that little of the Earth's topography predates the Quaternary and that erosion cycles are carried to planation within tens of millions of years. Much of the Australian landscape must have developed over similar timescales to that of the tectonic evolution of the continent itself. The study of the geomorphology of such ancient terrains may therefore be seriously deficient unless it is considered within the context of continental-scale tectonic development. Application of this approach shows that there are strong links between the geomorphology of Australia and plate movements, ocean spreading, plate convergence, tectonostratigraphic terranes, orogenesis and epeirogenesis. The most important factor contributing to the survival of ancient landscapes in Australia is the low rate of denudation which the continent has experienced during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. This is largely a consequence of orogenic stability, although the absence of significant Quaternary glaciation may also be of importance. However, in order for landforms to have survived over such timespans, denudation must not only have been low, but must also have been highly localized over space and time. This has been the case both on a regional scale, with long-term denudation rates of 0-2 m Ma^?1 in central Australia contrasting with higher rates along the continental margins, and on a local scale, with denudation confined to valleys, leaving divides and interfluves almost unscathed.  相似文献   

A geomorphological model of susceptibility to the effect of human interventions for environmental licensing determination (SHIELD)     

《地学前缘(英文版)》2022,13(2):101343

Almost every country requires some form of environmental licensing prior to the inception of development projects that may affect the integrity of the environment and its social context. We developed a new conceptual and methodological model to instruct the assessment of the potential impacts posed by proposed projects. Susceptibility to Human Interventions for Environmental Licensing Determination (SHIELD) includes a novel geomorphological interpretation of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). It considers the impact of human interventions on geomorphological processes and landscape functioning in the context of the entire ecosystem, going further than the classical concept of vulnerability. Estimated susceptibility of the site informs the screening stage, allowing local conditions to help define the criteria used in the process. Similarly, the level of detail of the environmental baseline is scoped by considering the degree of disturbance of natural processes posed by human intervention. Testing this geomorphological susceptibility model on different kinds of environments would allow shifting the environmental licensing practices from the prevailing anthropocentric and static conception of the environment towards an Ecosystem Approach. SHIELD addresses the need to improve the screening and scoping stages that form the basis of the rest of any EIA. SHIELD introduces several innovations to EIA including the incorporation of fuzzy logic, a preassembled database of contributions form experts, and a shifting of emphasis from the type of proposed intervention to the type of environment and its relative susceptibility.  相似文献   

火星水成地貌研究进展     

赵健楠  史语桐  张明杰  杨勇  黄婷  王江  黄俊  肖龙 《地质学报》2021,95(9):2755-2768

液态水在火星地表的塑造过程中起到了重要的作用,形成了峡谷网、外流河道、古湖泊以及三角洲和冲积扇等多种多样的水成地貌,它们一直是火星探测与研究的热点和焦点.本文对火星水成地貌的探测历史、地形地貌特征、时空分布等方面的研究进展进行总结,探讨水成地貌对火星气候演化及天体生物学研究的指示意义.在此基础上,提出当前火星水成地貌研究存在的问题,认为需要在火星水成地貌的水源类型、水成地貌所指示的火星水环境特征、亚马逊纪水成地貌的成因、火星水成地貌与我国柴达木盆地地貌的类比等方面开展进一步研究,为更深入的认识火星水成地貌,了解火星气候变化及宜居性提供支持.  相似文献   

陆相断陷咸化湖盆地层水化学场响应及与油气聚集关系——以渤海湾盆地东营凹陷为例   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

陈中红  查明 《地质科学》2010,45(2):476-489

东营凹陷古近系水化学场分布与湖盆演化有着良好的对应关系,矿化度从深到浅逐渐降低,体现出沉积环境开放性的增强。高矿化度分布是咸化湖盆重要特征,盐岩溶解、扩散、运移和断裂沟通是其主要成因。在这种高矿化度地层水化学场中主要发育CaCl_2水型,在盆地边缘低矿化度地层水中,以NaHCO_3水型为主,同时发育有少量低—较高矿化度的Na_2SO_4水型和MgCl_2水型。对东营凹陷大量实测地层水及油气性质资料分析表明:东营凹陷CaCl_2水型指示地层封闭性条件较好的还原环境,在该环境中油气藏分布最为广泛,目前发现的高矿化度(100 g/L)油藏与CaCl_2水型相关;低矿化度(10 g/L)NaHCO_3水型指示封闭性条件差、水交替强烈的水文流畅环境,对油气聚集不利,可形成次生油气藏;高矿化度(30～100g/L)的NaHCO_3水型对油气聚集也有利,在该水型中多形成原生油气藏,其成因与地幔高浓度的CO_2运移及断裂通道的沟通作用有关;研究区高矿化度(30 g/L)Na_2SO_4水型的形成与膏盐有关,其中可形成原生油气藏;低矿化度Na_2SO_4水型指示封闭性条件差的氧化环境,对油气聚集不利。研究结果表明,在东营凹陷断陷咸化湖盆中,含NaHCO_3水型的地层环境更能代表地层水交替强烈的开放性沉积环境,而Na_2SO_4水型分布多与硫酸盐有关;东营凹陷表现出高矿化度的NaHCO_3水型和Na_2SO_4水型等异常地层水环境,但在各类型地层水环境中油气藏都有所发现,显示出典型断陷咸化湖盆中水化学场分布特征及与油气成藏之间独特的相互关系。  相似文献   

祁连山摆浪河谷地的冰川地貌与冰期   总被引：10，自引：4，他引：10  

周尚哲  李吉均  张世强  赵井东 《冰川冻土》2001,23(2):131-138

祁连山摆浪河上游是一个以前研究者未曾涉足的地方，我们在这里发现6套保存完好的古冰川沉积和与之对应的冰水阶地以及上覆较厚的黄土 堆积，根据地貌地层学研究和^14C、TL、ESR测年，确认它们分别代表了小冰期、新冰期、同位素2阶段、4阶段、6阶段和12阶段6次冰川作用，是迄今在祁连山地区发现的相对比较确定的清晰齐全的第四纪冰川序列，发生于氧同位素12阶段的中梁赣冰期，表明抬升中的祁连山至少于460kaBP前与冰期气候耦合，进入了当时的冰冻圈。  相似文献   

Inherited Landforms and Glacial Impact of Different Palaeosurfaces in Southwest Sweden   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Magnus Johansson  Mats Olvmo  & Karna Lidmar-Bergström 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2001,83(1-2):67-89

Landforms are used as analytical tools to separate inherited features from the glacial impact on Precambrian basement rocks in southwest Sweden. The study covers three different palaeosurfaces, the sub-Cambrian peneplain (relative relief (r.r.) 0–20 m) with the character of a pediplain, an uplifted and dissected part of the sub-Cambrian peneplain (r.r. 5–40 m) and an etch-surface (r.r. 20–135 m), presumably sub-Mesozoic. The surfaces were recently re-exposed, probably due to a Neogene upheaval with some pre-glacial reshaping. Strong structural control and no alignment with glacial erosional directions other than those coinciding with structures, are arguments for etch processes as a most important agent for relief differentiation. This is strengthened by the occurrence of saprolite residues and etchforms in protected positions.
The glacial reshaping of the sub-Cambrian flat bedrock surfaces is negligible. The glacial impact becomes more evident in the uplifted and dissected parts of the peneplain and within the hilly sub-Mesozoic surface. The higher the initial relief the more effect of glacial erosion on individual hills, both on the abrading side, with formation of roches moutonnées, and on the plucking side. Detailed etchforms are preserved in protected positions in spite of erosion by a clearly wet-based ice. The magnitude of the Pleistocene glacial erosion is considerably less than the amplitude of the palaeorelief in the entire area.
Landscapes of areal glacial scouring have been described as comprising irregular depressions with intervening bosses scraped by ice and labelled 'knock and lochan' topography, but we suggest that an etched bedrock surface is a prerequisite for this type of landscape to develop.  相似文献   

三江平原生态地质环境分区研究   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7  

王勇  柏钰春  尹喜霖  杨文  左爱国 《水文地质工程地质》2004,31(6):11-18

生态地质环境是指地面或地面以下岩石圈浅部由地质作用而形成的并影响人类生存和发展的空间或地质空间,主要包括植被、地貌、土壤、第四系松散堆积物、岩石、地下水等6个因子。这6个因子各自有其不可替代的作用和功能,并不是各自孤立存在着,而是互相联系、互相影响、互相制约,缺一不可,并且是不断地发展变化着的。其中水是决定一切的主要矛盾方面,是生态地质环境中最积极最活跃的主导动力条件;植被是生态平衡的重中之重,是生态地质环境中最脆弱的指代因子;地貌、土壤、第四纪松散堆积物、岩石是生态地质环境的基础。每一个因子既同周围各种因子及作用的影响,也反过来影响其它因子或成份。一个因子发生恶化或失去平衡,其它因子也会发生变化或失去平衡。本文论述了三江平原生态地质环境系统中这6个因子的特征,分析了它们的分布状况,阐明了特征因子主要环境地质问题。根据地貌特征、植被破坏状况和主要环境地质问题,进行了分区研究。  相似文献